Sono passati quasi 5 mesi da quando, sulla mia pagina Facebook, scrivevo il seguente post:
Da allora tante cose sono cambiate. Infatti, qui in Germania, da allora:
- Abbiamo avuto un mese e mezzo di quarantena;
- La mascherina nei negozi è diventata obbligatoria;
- L’uso dei mezzi di pagamento elettronici è aumentato;
- …
Tra le varie cose che sono cambiate c’è anche la lingua tedesca. Infatti, la pandemia è stata l’argomento principale delle notizie nei giornali, su internet e in televisione. E tutto ciò non poteva che avere delle conseguenze sull’uso linguistico.
Nel seguente articolo ho quindi deciso di fare un riepilogo delle regole grammaticali della lingua tedesca che sono state influenzate dal Coronavirus, basandomi sugli studi condotti dalla Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache di Mannheim.
Sei pronto? Si parte!
La parola “Virus” viene sottintesa
Da quando – in seguito al Lockdown – il tema dominante nei media è diventata la pandemia, nel momento in cui si parlava del coronavirus non era più necessario stare a indicare che si sta parlando di un virus.
E quindi? Quindi sostanzialmente sono avvenute due cose:
- Anche se i coronavirus sono più di uno (e quindi sarebbe più corretto parlare del nuovo coronavirus), si è iniziato a utilizzare la parola coronavirus al singolare, riferendosi esclusivamente al Sars-Cov-2.
- Per il fenomeno dell’economia linguistica, non era più necessario indicare ogni volta “virus”. E quindi è avvenuto un troncamento. Cioè? Cioè la parola virus è stata prima eliminata e poi sottintesa.
A questo punto, quindi, la parola Corona ha dato vita a tantissime parole nuove. Vuoi degli esempi? Eccoli qua:
Je länger der coronare Ausnahmezustand und die Infodemie mit zahllosen Falsch- und Verschwörungsmeldungen dauerten, desto lauter wurden die Kritikerinnen und Kritiker der Corona-Politik von Bund und Ländern. Beherrschten heute vor einem Jahr noch die Klima-Skeptiker die Schlagzeilen, tauchten nun die Corona-Leugner (manche von ihnen mit Alu-Hut) auf sogenannten Hygiene-Demos auf. Vedi: Lachen ist gesund – bleiben Sie schön negativ!
Le parole composte
Un’altra caratteristica che in questi ultimi mesi è l’aumento delle parole composte che contengono al loro interno dei trattini, come nel caso di Corona-Politik, Corona-Zeit, Corona-Ausbruch, Corona-Kliniken o di Corona-Folgen.
Tale uso viene spiegato dalla Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache in due modi. Da una parte, l’utilizzo di parole composte che contengano al loro interno dei trattini (come nei casi sopra citati) permette di visualizzare bene i singoli componenti della parola composta. Ma dall’altra, l’uso dei trattini è tipico sia delle parole di origine straniera (a mio avviso un calco dall’inglese) sia del linguaggio giornalistico.
L’uso dei trattini per separare le parole composte non compare però ovunque. Infatti, ci sono anche parole dove l’utilizzo o meno di un trattino è ugualmente corretto. È questo per esempio il caso di Corona-Ferien, che può anche essere scritto Coronaferien. Vedi: Die sprachlichen Corona-Folgen.
Gli aggettivi
Siccome l’argomento “Coronavirus” negli ultimi mesi è stato dominante soprattutto nei mass media (televisione, internet, radio, giornali), la maggior parte delle parole nuove di questo periodo sono dei nomi.
Tuttavia, negli ultimi tempi sono stati coniati anche aggettivi nuovi. In particolare, secondo quanto riportato dalla Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache, gli aggettivi in –ös e –ig (es. skandalös, steinig) e quelli in -haft (es. coronahaft) e in –los (es. coronalos) sono risultati più produttivi rispetto a quelli in –ar o in –al.
Come mai? Secondo la Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache, ciò è dovuto all’uso degli aggettivi in –ar e in –al in settori diversi tra loro. Infatti, da una parte, nell’ambito medico si parla di coronare Herzerkrankungen per indicare le ‘malattie coronariche’. Dall’altra parte, invece, l’aggettivo coronal (o anche koronal) viene utilizzato per riferirsi alla “corona solare” nel momento di un’eclissi di sole.
Per questo motivo, quindi, l’utilizzo degli aggettivi in -ar e in -al in contesti diversi può causare confusione.
Ma durante la pandemia si sono diffusi anche aggettivi come exponentiell, viruzid o vulnerabel che sono prestiti stranieri. Alcuni poi, come exponenziell o vulnerabel, prima del COVID-19 erano di uso comune in settori come la matematica / statistica o la medicina. E in casi come viruzid o asymptomatisch i giornalisti hanno iniziato ad utilizzare questi aggettivi perché sono relativamente brevi e dallo stile conciso.
Infine, sono tornati in uso aggettivi che erano già presenti nella lingua tedesca, come per esempio einsam, systemrelevant e kontaktlos oppure sono stati utilizzati i participi passati di verbi come verschieben o absagen in funzione di aggettivo (es. die abgesagte Veranstaltung wird nachgeholt). Vedi: coronafrei, vulnerabel und kontaktbeschränkt: die aktuellen Covid-19-Adjektive
Il genere dei sostantivi
Se hai provato a leggere gli articoli di giornale in tedesco negli ultimi tempi, probabilmente avrai visto che alcuni giornalisti tendono ad usare la parola Virus al neutro e altri al maschile.
A questo punto, forse ti starai chiedendo: ma si dice der Virus o das Virus?
La risposta a questo quesito è che il Duden acetta entrambe le forme. E quindi puoi dire sia der Virus e sia das Virus.
Ma… sono davvero intercambiabili i due generi?
Secondo la Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache no. Infatti, come riportato nell‘articolo Sprachliche Zweifelfälle rund um Covid-19, sembra che la parola virus venga usata al maschile nell’ambito dell’informatica, mentre in ambito medico si preferisce il neutro.
E poi, sembra che la forma al maschile venga utilizzata soprattutto nella Germania orientale.
Gli anglicismi
Lockdown, Social Distancing, Hotspot e Triage. Questi sono solo alcuni esempi di anglicismi introdotti negli ultimi mesi.
Ma perché utilizzare a tutti costi parole inglesi, se sia in tedesco e sia in italiano esistono delle alternative?
La motivazione è principalmente una, ovvero che “i Paesi di lingua inglese, come gli USA hanno una notevole influenza nel settore dell’economia, della scienza e della cultura” (Social Distancing, Hot-Spot und Triage: Fremdwörter im Zusammenhang mit Covid-19). E quindi, “da anni l’inglese è una delle fonti principali di neologismi (= parole nuove, C.S.) in tedesco” (cit.).
A ciò si aggiunge poi che il linguaggio giornalistico, della politica e del marketing fanno largo uso degli anglicismi perché considerati più “cool” rispetto alla traduzione dei vari termini in altre lingue.
Ma l’uso dei prestiti dall’inglese presenta delle problematiche, come possiamo vedere qui di seguito…
Prendiamo ad esempio l’espressione social distancing. In tedesco si potrebbe tradurre con soziale Distanz e in italiano con ‘distanza sociale’. Tuttavia, come sottolinea anche l’articolo Social Distancing, Hot-Spot und Triage: Fremdwörter im Zusammenhang mit Covid-19, il fatto che l’inglese social venga tradotto in tedesco con ‘sozial’ manda alla popolazione un segnale errato. Infatti, lo scopo della social distancing non è la distanza tra le diverse classi sociali, ma semplicemente la distanza fisica tra persone non appartenenti allo stesso gruppo familiare.
Per questo, anche il governo canadese ha deciso di usare l’espressione physical distancing (it. ‘distanza fisica’) nei documenti ufficiali.
Le frasi fatte
Il linguaggio giornalistico, sempre alla ricerca di espressioni che permettano di risparmiare spazio, non poteva che portare alla formulazione di frasi fatte come per esempio
Wegen, aufgrund und trotz Corona (oppure, se non espressamente indicato: aufgrund der aktuellen Umstände, wegen der derzeitigen Lage o trotz der gegebenen Situation)
Vor, nach und in Zeiten von Corona
Abstand halten!
Maske auf!
Wir bleiben zu Hause
Alles wird gut
Vorerst
Bis auf Weiteres
Vuoi i significati? Eccoli qui:
Wegen, aufgrund und trotz Corona = ‘a causa di, nonostante il Coronavirus’
Aufgrund der aktuellen Umstände = ‘a causa della situazione attuale‘
Wegen der derzeitigen Lage = ‘a causa della situazione attuale‘
Trotz der gegebenen Situation = ‘nonostante la situazione attuale‘
Vor, nach und in Zeiten von Corona = ‘prima, dopo e ai tempi del Coronavirus’
Abstand halten! = ‘mantenere le distanze!‘
Maske auf! = ‘indossare la mascherina!’
Wir bleiben zu Hause = ‘restiamo a casa‘
Alles wird gut = ‘va tutto bene‘
Vorerst = ‘per ora‘
Bis auf Weiteres = ‘fino a data da destinarsi‘
Vedi: In Zeiten von Corona: Maske auf!
I numeri
Un ultimo aspetto della lingua tedesca che nel corso della pandemia è cambiato è il modo di contare.
Infatti, anche se la matematica non è improvvisamente cambiata da un giorno all’altro, l’avvento del Coronavirus ha creato una sua numerologia.
Vuoi degli esempi? Eccoli qui:
1 (sia come aggettivo numerale sia come articolo indeterminativo) = numero massimo di persone che qualcuno può infettare per far sì che la situazione rimanga sotto controllo;
1,5 (anche indicato in lettere come eineinhalb o anderthalb) = distanza minima per evitare l’infezione;
2,3 o 5 = a seconda del periodo e del Land, numero massimo di persone (non appartenenti allo stesso nucleo famigliare) che possono incontrarsi;
14 = giorni di quarantena;
19 = anno in cui sono state attestate le prime manifestazioni di COVID-19;
27 = riferimento al 27.01.2020, il giorno del primo caso in Baviera;
30 = (secondi): tempo per cui ci si dovrebbe lavare le mani con sapone comune per evitare il contagio;
40 = riferimento alla quarantena;
50 = metri di distanza da una gelateria necessari per poter consumare un gelato in sicurezza;
1000 = riferimento alle prime misure di contenimento. In Germania sono state prima proibite le manifestazioni con più di 1000 persone. Poi si è ridotto sempre di più fino ad arrivare a 2.
Vedi: 1,5 bis haushaltsübliche Menge: Die etwas andere Corona-Zahlen
Conclusioni
Dopo circa 6 mesi dall‘inizio della pandemia, era inevitabile che la lingua tedesca – come anche le altre 6000 lingue presenti nel mondo – subisse delle modifiche.
Nel presente articolo trovavo quindi interessante presentare i risultati delle ricerche della Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache di Mannheim e spiegare cosa e come è cambiato.
Ti auguro un buono studio e una buona giornata.
A presto
Chiara
P.S. Ti interessa fare delle lezioni INDIVIDUALI e PERSONALIZZATE su Skype con me? Al link qui di seguito potrai prenotare la tua prima lezione con il 50% di sconto: https://www.chiarascanavino.it/offerta-lezioni-di-tedesco-online-newsletter
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